Question 1

When does "by" show the person who did an action?

Accepted Answer

Use "by" to introduce the agent in passive sentences: "The painting was created by Picasso" or "The book was recommended by my teacher." The subject receives the action, and the "by" phrase tells us who performed it. This is different from "with", which normally introduces a tool: "The bread was cut with a knife." Ask yourself whether the phrase names the person or thing responsible for the action. If it does, "by" is usually correct in a passive structure, especially after verbs such as written, painted, recommended, or caused.

Question 2

Should I say "by bus" or "with a bus"?

Accepted Answer

Say "by bus" when you mean the method of transport, and do not use an article: "I go to work by bus", "by train", "by car", "by plane". Use "with" for a tool or instrument, not for the normal travel method. However, when you talk about being inside a vehicle rather than the method, the phrase changes: "in a car", "on a bus", "on a train". For payment, both "pay by card" and "pay with a card" are possible; "by" emphasises the method, while "with" emphasises the instrument.

Question 3

How do I use "without" before a verb?

Accepted Answer

After "without", use the -ing form of the verb: "She left without saying goodbye", "He answered without thinking", "Do not start without asking permission." Do not use "without to say" or "without say". The meaning is that the second action did not happen. "Without" can also be followed by a noun: "without sugar", "without a coat", "without your help". In both structures, it shows absence: something expected, useful, or possible is missing from the situation, so the grammar stays negative in meaning.

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